Inflation is a general rise in the overall price level, usually tracked by comparing the cost of a fixed basket of goods across time using a price index such as the CPI.
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Comparative advantage means producing something at a lower opportunity cost than others can. It explains why trade can benefit everyone, even a party that is better at making everything.
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The famous story of ruin and madness is largely a myth. Historians and economists disagree on whether even the final weeks of early 1637 were a true bubble.
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Goodhart's Law says a measure stops being reliable once it becomes a target. Metrics distort reality because pressure changes behavior and breaks the link between measure and goal.
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It is the conflict that arises when someone acts on another's behalf, has different interests, and knows more than the person they act for, so cannot be fully checked.
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The Jevons paradox is the case where making a resource more efficient to use raises total consumption of it. How often it happens is debated, though researchers agree it can.
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The cobra effect names a reward that worsens the problem it targets. The Delhi story behind it is probably apocryphal, but the incentive pattern it describes is real and well studied.
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