GDP is the total market value of final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It omits unpaid work, illegal activity, environmental damage, inequality and much of what makes up well-being.
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Goodhart's Law says a measure stops being reliable once it becomes a target. Metrics distort reality because pressure changes behavior and breaks the link between measure and goal.
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The most widely accepted explanation is that $ evolved from handwritten abbreviations for the Spanish peso, with the S written over the P. Other theories exist but have weaker support.
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Kenneth Arrow proved that no method of turning voters' ranked preferences into one group ranking can satisfy a short list of reasonable fairness conditions once there are three or more options.
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Schelling's model is an agent-based simulation showing that mild preferences for same-group neighbors can produce highly segregated neighborhoods, even when no one wants strict separation.
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