Music

The Beatles turned the studio into a creative tool, made the album central, popularised self-written songs by bands, and opened the US market to British acts.

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Hip-hop grew from 1970s Bronx parties, most famously DJ Kool Herc's August 1973 jam, where looped drum breaks, MCs and dancers combined into a new culture.

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Launched in 1981, MTV made visual image central to selling pop music, helped lift a slumping record industry, and boosted stars like Michael Jackson and Madonna.

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Rock and roll grew from African American rhythm and blues blended with country, pop and gospel, then reached a national teen audience in the mid-1950s.

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Motown combined gospel and jazz roots, a core house band, a assembly-line approach, modest but evolving studio technology, and mixes tuned for small radios.

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Launched in 1979, the Walkman made high-quality music portable and private for the first time, shifting listening into public space and boosting mixtapes.

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