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Utilitarianism judges actions and policies by their consequences, choosing whatever maximizes overall good. Critics say it permits wrongs, demands too much, and treats people as resources.
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The Stoics taught that happiness comes from virtue alone, understood as perfected reason and a life in agreement with nature. Health, wealth and reputation they called indifferent.
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The is-ought problem asks whether claims about what should be can be logically derived from claims about what is. David Hume raised it, and most readers take him to say no.
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The trolley problem is a family of thought experiments about sacrificing one person to save several. It began in moral philosophy and now also serves psychology, neuroscience and driverless-car research.
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