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The stone repeats one decree in hieroglyphs, Demotic and Greek. Scholars read the Greek, then Young and Champollion matched names and sounds to decode the script.
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Historians agree the West lost central control through a cycle of military defeat and lost territory and revenue, but they disagree on how much to blame outside pressure versus internal failures.
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No single cause is agreed. Drought, warfare, and environmental and political strain all appear in the evidence, and researchers disagree about how much weight drought deserves.
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Workers quarried stone with copper tools, shipped it by Nile waterways, and hauled it up ramps on sledges. Scholars still debate the exact ramp design and placement methods.
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An ancient Greek hand-powered geared device from the 2nd century BC that modelled the Sun, Moon and calendars and predicted eclipses. It is often called the oldest known analogue computer.
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No single cause explains it. Scholars point to drought, earthquakes, migrations, disease and broken trade networks acting together, and they still debate the weight of each.
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No single event ended the library. Caesar's fire in 48 BCE destroyed some books, but most scholars see a long decline, with the details still debated.
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The New Testament took about three centuries to settle, and no single council decided it.
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