History of physics

Ole Roemer made the first measurement in the 1670s from timing eclipses of Jupiter's moon Io. Armand Fizeau made the first Earth-based measurement in 1849 using a toothed wheel.

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Cavendish used a lead-sphere torsion balance to measure tiny gravitational pulls, then compared them with the Earth's pull to find its density: about 5.48 times that of water.

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