Citrus was shown to cure scurvy in 1747, but weak theory, heat-damaged juice, a switch to limes and a rival bacterial theory let the knowledge fade until vitamin C was identified.
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Pasteur showed microbes cause fermentation and spoilage, and Pasteur and Koch then linked specific bacteria to anthrax and other diseases by isolating them and reproducing illness in animals.
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Quarantine comes from the Italian word for forty, tied to the 40-day isolation of ships during plague outbreaks. Venice built a permanent, state-run system of isolation islands.
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Alexander Fleming noticed mould killing bacteria in 1928. An Oxford team purified it by 1940, and US fermentation research made mass production possible by 1943.
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